Annotated+Bibliography


 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #1 **

MLA Citation: Cope, Lewis. "Blood: The Trail of One Donation." Star Tribune [Minneapolis, MI] 7 Oct. 1990: n. pag. SIRS Researcher.Web. 25 Feb. 2011. []

INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: Lewis Cope was a science writer at Star Tribune, a newspaper in Minneapolis, for 29 years. He graduated from Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, shortly followed by a years in a science-writing fellowship at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former president of both the National Association of Science Writers and the Minnesota Society of Professional Journalists. He has received won various awards, including national awards from the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, among others.

Scope and purpose of the work: This article acts as an informational report, using scientific facts to back up the information provided. It is intended to inform, not persuade.

Intended Audience: The article appears to have been written with simplistic wording, and reduces medical terms to understandable definitions. Because it appears in a non scientific/medical newspaper, it is probably written for a general audience. Although it does not facts that would be useful to a professional, it does provide a creative, original approach to a mystery most non-professionals are not aware of. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The article literally follows the trail of one person’s donation, from donation center, to a laboratory, to a blood bank, and finally distributed to various patients. After this opening account, Cope states that despite early safety hazardous, the safety of blood donations and transfusion has greatly improved, and recipients are not in danger of receiving disease along with blood due to enhanced testing techniques.

Summary of main arguments: Cope supports his thesis by citing four major arguments: The biological structure of blood, including each parts function and the ways that diseases such as AIDS are transferred; statistics and case studies that demonstrate the changing safety of the Red Cross in a decade; and criticism from the Food and Drug Administration that is promptly ejected by other professionals in the field. EVIDENCE Summary of evidence: Cope references various statistics ,including an analysis of the St. Paul, Minnesota blood bank area, a July report by the Food and Drug Administration, and input from various experts, such as Dr. Herbert Polesky (director of the Memorial Blood Center of Minneapolis), Dr. Robert Bowman (medical director of the American Red Cross), and Michael Osterholm (the health department’s state epidemiologist). EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The article seems very well researched, as the author support each argument with facts, and it is presented in a neat and logical fashion. The author, based on his references, is reliable, and the source is scholarly.

Evaluation of scope: While the topic is well addressed in the later pages of the report, the beginning of the article does relate to the safety of a blood donation, it does not 100% relate. Various studies and reports are used, and the author does address the argument that blood donations are unsafe, yet disproves it. Evaluation of author bias: The author supports his belief that blood donations are safe, and is therefore not objective. However, his academic background and factual evidence support this belief. There are papers that claim blood donations are unsafe, yet known that I have seen seem this well-researched. REFLECTION: This source provided excellent background information to help broaden my knowledge of the subject. I learned the trail a blood donation follows, which is essential to (probable) project. While I am still uncertain on whether or not I will use this source in my final project, it nevertheless provided valuable information.

 MLA Citation: Christine, Pitocco, and Sexton R. Thomas. "Alleviating blood shortages in a resource-constrained environment." //PubMed.gov//. 45th ed. PubMed U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 11 July 2005. Web. July 2011. . __INFORMATION:__ Author’s credentials: Christine Pitocco received her B.S. in Medical Biology from Long Island University, he M.S. in Management and Public Policy with an Advanced Certificate in Management Information Systems from Stony Brook University, and is pursuing her Ph.D. in Infromation Studies at Long Island University. She worked as a supervisor at the Stony Brook University Hospital’s blood bank, and teaches currently Immunohematology, Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Sciences, and Advanced Seminar in Clinical Laboratory Sciences for the Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program at Stony Brook University. She also is a general faculty advisor for the Department of Academic Advising on Stony Brook’s campus, has authored and co-authored articles published in academic journals and textbooks, and has been an invited speaker for several national conferences, including ASCP and CLMA. Thomas R. Sexton is also a professor at Stony Brook University, and earned his B.C. degree in Mathematics and Physics from St. John’s University, his M.A degree in Mathematics from Hofstra University, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Applied Mathematics and Statistics from Stony Brook University. For eight years he worked for the Grumman Aerospace Corporation, and is currently a Research Associate in the W. Averell Harriman School for Management and Policy. For twenty years he has worked in the area of health care management, and has published sixteen academic journal articles on health care, specializing in the application of statistical and mathematical models to significant problems in health care. Scope and purpose of the work: The article acts as a persuasive article, and its purpose is to convince the audience of the authors’ opinion, backed up by facts. Intended Audience: While there are some parts of this article that almost any adult could understand, a few sections contain complex mathematical models and medical terms that require background knowledge. The authors use a professional tone, indicating that this article is used for experts in the field and academic journals/ magazines. __SUMMARY__ Thesis or main idea: The article analyzes “the operational efficiency of the nation’s blood centers,” through three methods: “the extent to which operational efficiency can be improved, the increase in the nation’s blood supply that would result from such improvements, and the management strategies that would lead to such improvements”. Summary of main arguments: Pitocco and Sexton enforce their thesis by citing the findings of their study, a cross-section of seventy blood centers (not including the New York Blood Center and the American Red Cross, because they are so large). They evaluate the inputs, such as full and part time employees, volunteers, budget, and service area, versus the outputs, including units of RBC, plasma, PLTs, cryoprecipitate, etc. (while factoring in population density, and blood units that cannot be used). The authors than established the definition of efficiency, and predicted the possible increase in each type of blood unit, and decided that the blood center’s inefficiencies was not a fault of the management, but of the situation. __EVIDENCE__ Pitocco and Sexton evaluate their own study, and is presented in an logical fashion, as well as published on a academic source. Seventy blood centers participated in the study measuring outgoing units versus ingoing costs. The researchers evaluated the data and concluded that although half the study’s blood centers are efficient, the other half, through no fault of management are not, and could be improved to help alleviate the nation’s blood shortages. __EVALUATION__ Evaluation of research: The authors present their argument in an logical fashion, as well as published on a academic source. Their background research includes the twenty-eight sources cited at the end of the article. Evaluation of scope: The topic is fully addressed, but the article centers on its own study, and does not compare to the results of other studies, or address opposing viewpoints. Evaluation of author bias: The author argues his belief that blood centers are often ineffcience, but he supports this take with facts. His professional background assures that the articls remains a valuable source, despite his subjectivity. __REFLECTION:__
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #2 **

This source was very valuable to my research questions, because, in order to evaluate the distribution of blood, one needs to be aware of the available amount of blood. The data supports my arguments that more blood is needed, and I will most definitely use this source in my final project.

 MLA Citation: Timonthy, Hannon. "Blood Money." //The Bloody Truth Blog//. Strategic Healthcare Group, LLC, 15 Apr. 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. . __INFORMATION:__ Author’s credentials: Hannon graduate magna cum laude at the University of Evansville, earning his bachelor’s degree in biology and then completing his doctorate of medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine. He then spent 12 years in active duty Naval service with an internship at the Naval Medical Center, and training at the Naval Aerospace Medicine Institute. He completed his anesthesiology residency, serving as chief resident, and then took the position of Director of Preoperative Blood Conservation, Director of Research for the Department of Anesthesiology, and several other foundations, before completing his masters in Business Administration at the Butler University. Scope and purpose of the work: The article is an informational reports, and its intent is to inform, not persuade, the audience. Intended Audience: The article is professional, but uses simplistic language and terms to describe the concepts, meaning that the article is appropriate for general audience who does not thoroughly know the subject, but the specific facts make the article useful for experts in the topic. __SUMMARY__ Thesis or main idea: The author the article begins by making the points the blood transfusions are too expensive, and the pressure for cost savings and cost effectiveness in healthcare has been growing for decades. He believes that, while most people think that “[the] costs [of blood] were unavoidable, assuming that blood was being used appropriately within their hospitals,” but they fail to realize that “most US hospitals over-transfusion by at least 20-30%.” Summary of main arguments: Hannon supports his belief through two arguments: 1) the cost of blood does not stop at affording a unit, but includes other pricey costs as well, and 2) most US hospitals, despite the cost of blood, over transfuse their patients. __EVIDENCE:__ Hannon references several studies, many having to do with the cost of blood as only a certain percentage of the overall blood transfusion cost. One study concludes that the purchase of blood represents only 19% of the transfusion cost, and this can cost up to $9404. Another study states that blood purchase is only 21%-28% of blood transfusion costs, and can be up to $11835. Some controlled studies have shown a relationship between the amount of blood received and complications. __EVALUATION__ Evaluation of research: The article is moderately well-researched, and includes details from a variety of different studies. The author, considering his occupation, seems reliable, and the article references seven sources. Evaluation of scope: The topic is addressed, but it seems as if the author could have taken his research farther. There appear to be many points that the author could have elaborated on, including the current blood crisis the world is in, and how hospitals can improve their management of blood. Evaluation of author bias: The author supports his argument that blood management is not efficient, so his stance is not objective. He supports his view with details, facts, and references, so much so that it seems almost impossible for someone to claim that blood is being efficiently managed. __REFLECTION:__ This source was helpful in determing the cost of a typical, general, blood transfusion per unit, and therefore I learn who can and cannot afford blood. I will use this source in my final project.
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #3 **


 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #4 **

MLA Citation: Hollingsworth, Bruce, and John Wildman. "What population factors influence the decision to donate blood?" //Transfusion// June 2004: 9-12. //Mansfield//. Web. 9 Mar. 2011. . INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: Bruce Hollingsworth has received his BA, PhD, and MSc Newcastle, UK and York, UK. He is currently is Director of the Centre for Health Economics at Monash University. He runs and is on the committee of the International Health Economics Association. He is an invited speaker to many international conferences and is an active member of various health economic organizations. He is a referee for over 40 international journals, and has over 150 academic publications in books, journals, and papers. John Wildman is a health economist based in Economics and the Institute of Health and Society at Newcastle. He has published various academic articles in reputable magazines. Scope and purpose of the work: This article functions as an informative piece, to inform, not persuade, the audience of the author’s study, backed with facts from a variety of other studies and sources. Intended Audience: This article is intended for a professional, expert audience. It is in a professional tone, on a complex topic, and includes detailed research methods that the average person would not be acquainted with. It was published in //Transfusion Medicine//, an academic medical journal. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The articles research question is: “What makes an individual give blood?” (9). Hollingsworth and Wildman examine this question indicating that every donor has a perceived altruistic nature, and mentions that it is important to analyze the impact of donor retention. They also state that “the rate of transfusions is increasing at a rate higher than the collection rat” (9).

Summary of main arguments: Hollingsworth and Wildman enforce their thesis by citing the finding of their study in three arguments. They compare the age, gender, and education profiles of a sample of donors, using a survey method, then analyze the psychology behind these donor pattern, before finally addressing way to target high and low donors through advertising. EVIDENCE Summary of evidence: Hollingsworth and Wildman support their arguments by referring to and citing their own experiment, published in 2004. They cushion this study with information from other studies, including the WHO and American Red Cross reports and statistical reports. EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The article is well-researched and based on facts. It is presented in a logical and neat fashion. The source that published the study is scholarly (an academic medical journal),and reliable. Fifteen references were given following this article. Evaluation of scope: The topic is adequately addressed, and focuses mostly on the author’s one study, mentioning other sources when backing up their own claims. Evaluation of author bias: As the authors support their belief that altruistic attitudes are what influence and individual to give blood, they do not show evidence of bias. Their conclusions are those that are logical following the study and analysis they prepared. REFLECTION: This source was very helpful. I will definitely us it in my final project. It provided a focus on altruistic personalities that helped answer my research question, as well as suggest ideas that I has not considered before.

**Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography** **Student Name: Brigid Clark** **Annotation #5**

MLA Citation: Steele, Whitney Randolph, et al. "The role of altruistic behavior, empathetic concern, and social responsibility motivation in blood donation behavior." //Trasnfusion// Jan. 2008: 43-54. //Mansfield University//. Web. 6 Mar. 2011. . INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: I have tried googling the first few authors who wrote this article, but all I can find is very broad descriptions of their current job, such as: 'Whitney Randolph Steele was with the National Cancer Institute, and that's all. I cannot find where she recieved her education, what degrees she has, what previous work she has recieved, but did find some other reliable looking studies/ publications she has been involved with. Scope and purpose of the work: The article functions as an informational report, not intended to persuade. It expresses the author’s opinion, conforming it with known facts. Intended Audience: This article is intended for a professional, expert audience. It is in a professional tone, on a complex topic, and includes detailed research methods that the average person would not be acquainted with. It was published in //Transfusion//, an academic medical journal. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The authors introduced the idea that the United States demand for blood heavily outweights the supply. They believe that the current donor base lies in people with prosocial personalities, and a variety of other factors. Summary of main arguments: The thesis is supported by two main arguments: prosocial personalities motivate people to donate, and prosocial personalities are divided into two sections- altruistic behavior and empathetic concern, and the level they feel is their social responsibility (based primarily on return rate). EVIDENCE Summary of evidence: Steele, Schreiber, Guiltinan, Nass, Glynn, Wright, Kessler, Schlumpg, Tu, Smih, and Garratty examine their own study, analyzing it through scales they created for each of the two types of behavior. They included date from surveys, questionnaires, and studies from volunteers in the past 18 years. The selected data from 6 blood centers, and examined the answers from each of these sections for trends and patterns in donators. EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The article is very well-researched, and presented in orderly, logical subtitles. The source the article was published in, an academic medical journal, is reliable and the authors are also, based on their occupations and references. Forty-seven references were given following the article. Evaluation of scope: The topic has been fully addressed, and leave the reader with no lingering questions. It focuses on one study, but also mentions other studies and opposing viewpoints. Evaluation of author bias: The authors take a stance that most donators have prosocial personalities, and analysze which prosocial personality is dominant. They use a professional, academic tone and back up every statement with facts and citations. REFLECTION: This source is very valuable and I will definitely use it in my final project. It elaborated on the ideas of prosocial personality, and provided an in-depth study to back this up, defining and analyzing both altruistic behavior and empathetic concern, as well as factoring in social responsibility. They list of survey questions for each scale provided in the appendix may be helpful if I decide to craft my own survey.


 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography**
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark**
 * Annotation #6**

MLA Citation: Allain, J.P., and L.M. Williamson. "Reflections about Blood Donation." //Trasnfusion Medicine// 17 (2007): 149. //Mansfield University//. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. . INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: J.P. Allain is the principal investigator and head of transfusion medicine and university chair at Corpus Christi College. He is the Honorary Professor at the Medical University of South China. He specializes in the molecular study of blood born viruses significant in blood safety and transfusion medicine. Scope and purpose of the work: This article acts as a persuasive piece. It is backed with resources and specific facts to confirm the authors’ opinion.

Intended Audience: Based on where the source is published, in //Transfusion Medicine,// an academic medical journal, and the professional, scholarly tone of the work, it is probably written for an expert audience, yet the information and results provided are useful to my project. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The article provides detail on one theory about the motivations and reasons behind blood donations: “Is there an unassailable ‘human right; to donate blood, or is the right of the patient to receive a safe product always paramount?” (Allain 149).

Summary of main arguments: Allain and Williamson support their thesis by arguing two main points: the risk of under transfusion and changing donor selection guidelines.

EVIDENCE Allain and Williamson specifically reference one main study: Ian’s Franklin’s study claiming that which addresses the opposing side of the argument and reference other studies and papers to back their claim. They believe that donor selection criteria have been written so that it applies to a large population, and a simpler and easier process is needed in order to combat the blood crisis. The also includes countries and organizations where they type of system they recommend has worked successfully.

EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The authors have put a lot of research into their article, and presented his argument in a logical way. The source and authors, based on their education, degrees, and source are reliable. Two references are provided following the article.

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been fully addressed, and leaves the audience with no remaining questions. The authors primarily focus on a limited number of studies, and do not mention the opposing viewpoint often enough. Evaluation of author bias: The authors support their opinion that donor selection guidelines need to be changed, but do not address why the opposing argument is wrong. While the authors and source are reliable, it may be worth looking into the opposing viewpoint, just because the argument has two viable sides.

REFLECTION: This source provided some valuable background information on donor selection, that helped to broaden my knowledge. The idea of blood donations as a right of choice compared to the right of the patient to receive blood is interesting, and I may want to research it further. This article was only partially relevant to my research question, and I do not know yet whether I will use it in my final project.

MLA Citation: Suarez, Isabel Maria Belda, et al. "How regular blood donors explain their behavior." Trasnfusion 44 (Oct. 2004): 1441-1446. Mansfield University. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. . INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: I couldn’t find anything. I couldn’t search the Mansfield University of Transfusion sites because I don’t have the password. When I tried goggling it, only the actually case study appeared relevant. I’ll try asking Dr. Valenza for ideas on Monday. Scope and purpose of the work: To inform, not persuade, the audience of the author’s opinion, backed up with facts, references, and specific details. Intended Audience: Based on the source where the article is published, the professional tone, and the complex terminology and ideas included, the article was likely written for a professional audience, yet the research question and results may still be valuable to the average person. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The authors begin be introducing, like many other articles, the idea that the blood donation rate is declining and may soon be overwhelmed by rising transfusion rates. The study sets out to propose the theory that “the personal intention to help by donation blood continues over time and is accompanied by convenient conditions and easy access” (1445), as indicated in the results of their study. Summary of main arguments: The article utilizes four primary arguments to support the thesis: the awareness of consistent donors in relation to blood donor behavior, the primary motives for repetition in blood donation, the variances between major donors and other less-consistent donors, and the donor’s view on their influence through blood donations. EVIDENCE Suarez et al. have performed their own study in order to back their hypothesis and thesis. The article also references several other analysis and models by other academic sources, including Bem and Ajzen, involving self-perception and convenience/ personal control in blood donation. EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The article is definitely well-researched and supported by facts. The source, //Transfusion// magazine, is a scholarly and reliable source. While I do not yet know the authors’ credentials, the place of publication adds dependability. Fourteen references follow the article. Evaluation of scope: The topic has been fully addressed. The article focuses mostly on the results of the authors’ own study, with input from many other various sources. Evaluation of author bias: The authors are biased in that they support their opinion that consistency, self-esteem, social identity, and self-perception factor into a donor’s behavior, and that behavior should be targeted in advertisements. They sufficiently address opposing viewpoints with factual information that is well supported. REFLECTION: This article was highly helpful in providing specified information about my topic. It helped expand my knowledge of donor motivations, and provide some detail of what the information can be constructively used for. The information in the study supports my argument, and I will definitely use it in my final project.
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #7 **

MLA Citation: Gustavo, Carlo, Silvia Koller, and Nancy Eisenberg. A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska- Lincoln, 1996. N. pag. PubMed.org. Web. 27 Mar. 2011. .
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #8 **

INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: Carlo Gustavo is the professor of psychology at the University of Nebraska. He has published in several distinguished journals including Child Development, Developmental Psychology, Journal of Research on Adolescence, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Gustavo received his Ph.D from Arizona State University, in Psychology, in 1984. He was a recipient of a Research Excellence Award from the John Templeton Foundation and the American Psychological Association in 2001.

Scope and purpose of the work: This article acts as an informational, not persuasive piece, intended to inform the audience of the author’s opinion.

Intended Audience: The article was written with various complex terms and ideas, and to fully understand its gist requires a solid background knowledge. It was published in a scientific psychology journal, so therefore he audience is likely to be experts in the field. The piece is still valuable to the average reader, just not 100% comprehensible.

SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The study is a comparison between U.S. and Brazilian children’s prosocial and moral decisions, and how that psychology is developed. Carlo believes that (and his thesis is proven correct), that U.S. females develop better moral reasoning because of society’s instrumentality, expressiveness, agency, and communion.

Summary of main arguments: Carlo supports his opinion with the hypothesis that prosical moral behavior is decide by 3 main arguments: the role of prohibitions, authorities’ dictates, and formal obligations (weather minimal or absent), and examines these throughout the article.

EVIDENCE Summary of evidence: Carlo references several other studies to support his own research, but relies heavily on his own studies and observations. Statistics and other numbers are taken from the US Census, and further information is provided by a few Red Cross sources. EVALUATION Evaluation of research: The article seems very well researched, as the author support each argument with facts, and it is presented in a neat and logical fashion. The author, based on his references, is reliable, and the source is scholarly. The version I could access did not show references (although there were multiple), but this article is cited by 72 other academic articles.

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been fully addressed. The article is twenty pages of small text, but between just the intro and conclusion it fully evaluates everything the title promises. The author cites many other resources, but does not cite opposing viewpoints. However, seeing how it is a study, opposing viewpoints are only so relevant when compared to statistical findings.

Evaluation of author bias: The author, based on his profession, seems a reliable source, yet he does not present any opposing arguments, arguing only the pros of his opinion. Factual evidence supports his argument, and his study is almost entirely based on statistical results.

REFLECTION: This article was highly helpful in providing specified information about my topic. It helped expand my knowledge of donor motivations, and provide some detail of what the information can be constructively used for. The information in the study provides an interesting new side to my project, and is a view I had not considered before. I would not use the Brazilian analysis in my final project, obviously, but depending on time allotment, may use the development of prosocial behaviors.

MLA Citation: Gillum, R. Frank, and Kevin S. Masters. "Religiousness and Blood Donation: Findings from a National Survey." Journal of Health Psychology 15.2 (2010): 163-72. PubMed.org. Web. 27 Mar. 2011. . INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: Frank R. Gillum is a professor of medicine and a geriatric consultant at Howard University College of Medicine. He is on the editorial board of The Journal of Health Psychology, and has published over thirty academic articles/ studies. He received his M.D. and M.S. from Loyola College of Maryland. Scope and purpose of the work: This piece is an information piece, intended to inform the audience, and is based mostly on statistical information. Intended Audience: This article was published in the academic Journal of Health Psychology, and is written in a professional, academic tone. It is intended for an expert audience. SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: The article focuses on the connection between the level of one’s religion and blood donation, and argues: “Religions instruct individuals to engage in prosocial behaviors,” (Gillum), such as blood donating. Summary of main arguments: Gillum argues, and gives evidence in the form of his own study, two arguments: women with positive associations of childhood religious are more likely to donate, but for men this rule is not true.
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #9 **

EVIDENCE Gillum’s article is primarily based of his own study, yet supporting arguments provide additional proof and facts. The did a cross-sectional study of their 7611 women and 4282 men donation sample group and did in-depth analysis of their childhood religious experiences. He includes a good deal of information from censuses. EVALUATION Evaluation of research: Gillum presents a well-researched argument, in a scholarly and orderly fashion. The source, published in the Journal of Health Psychology, is reliable and the author’s credentials provide a well-founded background. Eight references were given following this article. Evaluation of scope: The author supports his topic fully, leaving the audience with no lingering questions. However, his results and analysis come primarily from his own study, and the article does not mention more than one additional study or any opposing viewpoints. Evaluation of author bias: The author supports his own opinion stated in the thesis, that religion does affect blood donation rate, but it is a factual, statistical-based, finding. Based on the information he gained in his and other studies/resources, it would be almost impossible to claim that religion does not affect donation rate. REFLECTION: While this article was interesting in general, it will only be slightly useful to my final project. It provided information I was not privy too, and I will be able to use it while talking about demographics and donation. Without further information, it will be difficult to go more in-depth with this topic.

MLA Citation: Lemmens, KP, et al. "Modelling antecedents of blood donation motivation among non-donors of varying age and education." British Journal of Psychology 100.1 (2009): 71-90. PubMed.gov. Web. 27 Mar. 2011. .
 * Graduation Project Annotated Bibliography **
 * Student Name: Brigid Clark **
 * Annotation #10 **

INFORMATION: Author’s credentials: Kathleen Lemmens has a Ph.D in Psychology and is the head of the department of work and social psychology in Masstricht University. She has published several scholarly articles.

Scope and purpose of the work: This article functions as an informative piece, to inform, not persuade, the audience of the author’s study, backed with facts from a variety of other studies and sources. Intended Audience: This article is intended for a professional, expert audience. It is in a professional tone, on a complex topic, and includes detailed research methods that the average person would not be acquainted with. It was published in the British Journal of Psychology, a renowned scholarly medium.

SUMMARY Thesis or main idea: Lemmens thesis is as follows: “The studies assessed the role of altruism, fear of blood needles and donation specific cognitions including attitudes and normative beliefs derived from an extended theory of planned behavior”

Summary of main arguments: Lemmens centers her support based on six primary arguments: affective attitude, subjective form, descriptive norm., self-efficiency, altruism, and fear of blood/needles, examining each trait based on age and education.

EVIDENCE Summary of evidence: Lemmens references two of her own studies, and their statistical information. She mentions other census reports and government findings, and research supported by additional articles and authors.

EVALUATION

Evaluation of scope: The article is well-researched, and logically presented. The authors each have a scholarly background, and the source is a renowned academic journal. While the version I had access to did not list references, there were obviously sources cited throughout the article (I counted at least more than five). Evaluation of scope: The article is definitely well-researched and supported by facts. The author cites many other resources, but does not cite opposing viewpoints. However, seeing how it is a study, opposing viewpoints are only so relevant when compared to statistical findings.

Evaluation of author bias: The author, based on his profession, seems a reliable source, yet he does not present any opposing arguments, arguing only the pros of his opinion. Factual evidence supports his argument, and his study is almost entirely based on statistical results.

REFLECTION: Because this source is primarily based on findings in Europe (it does mention U.S. findings), I do not know if I am able to use it in my final project. Some general information provided by the article might be helpful, such as “Fear of blood/needles only had an indirect effect on motivation” and “self-efficiency was more important among the younger less well-educated group”. It may be necessary to locate an article that elaborates on the US aspects of these findings.